Belarus is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land. Lakes and rivers punctuate the country. The largest marsh territory is Polesia, which is also amongst the largest marshes in Europe. There are 11,000 lakes in Belarus, but the majority of the lakes are smaller than 0.5 square kilometres. Three major rivers run through the country, the Neman River, the Pripyat River, and the Dnepr River. Belarus' highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara., 345 metres, and its lowest point is on the Neman River, 90 metres.

The climate ranges from harsh winters to -2 °C to cool and moist summers. On average, 15 to 30 centimeters of snow falls in the country, mostly in the northeast. Belarus experiences an average rainfall of 600 to 700 millimeters with over 70 percent of the rain falling during the warmer periods of the year. Due to the weather patterns, natural disasters such as droughts and floods occasionally occur in Belarus. Between the period of 1881 until 2005, the average temperature of Belarus rose 1 degree Celsius with the temperatures rising significantly during the winter and spring months. It has been projected that Belarus will face a 3 to 4 degree rise of the average temperature when the twenty first century ends.

Forest covers about 34% of the total landscape, making forestry products one of the most abundant natural resources in Belarus. Other natural resources to be found in Belarus include peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay.

Belarus is bordered by the following nations: Latvia-north, Lithuania-northwest,Poland-west, Russia both north and east and Ukraine-south. Since the departure from the Soviet Union, Belarus signed a treaty with Latvia and Lithuania to demarcate the boundaries between the three countries. Ukraine signed a similar agreement with Belarus, though ratification on the Belarusian side is pending.As of 2006, Belarus and Lithuania began to demarcate their border using water boueys while 15 percent of the border between Belarus and Latvia has been demarcated.